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technical observation

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1 Technical Conference on Observation and Measurement of Atmospheric Contaminants

Ecology: TECOMAC

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Technical Conference on Observation and Measurement of Atmospheric Contaminants
2 техническое наблюдение
1. TO
2. technical observation
техническое наблюдение
(ITIL Continual Service Improvement)
(ITIL Service Operation)
Техника, используемая в улучшении услуг, исследовании проблем и управлении доступностью. Персонал технической поддержки осуществляет мониторинг поведения и производительности ИТ-услуги, по итогам чего разрабатывает рекомендации по улучшению ИТ-услуги.
[Словарь терминов ITIL версия 1.0, 29 июля 2011 г.]

EN

technical observation
TO
(ITIL Continual Service Improvement)
(ITIL Service Operation)
A technique used in service improvement, problem investigation and availability management. Technical support staff meet to monitor the behaviour and performance of an IT service and make recommendations for improvement.
[Словарь терминов ITIL версия 1.0, 29 июля 2011 г.]

Тематики
- информационные технологии в целом
EN
- technical observation
- TO
Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > техническое наблюдение
3 пункт технического наблюдения

Military: technical inspection post, technical observation post

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > пункт технического наблюдения
4 пост технического наблюдения

Military: technical observation post

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > пост технического наблюдения
5 mantener

v.

1 to keep.

mantener algo en buen estado to keep something in good condition

mantener una promesa to keep a promise

mantener la calma to stay calm

Los mantengo trabajando I keep them working.

Ellos mantienen el proyecto They maintain the project.

2 to support (with scaffold, columns).

mantén los brazos en alto keep your arms in the air

3 to support.

con su sueldo mantiene a toda la familia he has to support o keep his whole family with his wages

4 to have (relationships, conversations).

mantener relaciones con alguien to have a relationship with somebody

5 to stick to (to defend) (conviction).

mantiene su inocencia she maintains that she is innocent

mantiene que no la vió he maintains that he didn't see her

6 to maintain, to keep, to conserve, to hold.

Ellos mantienen unas mantas They maintain some bedcovers.

Mantiene sus mismas creencias de antes He keeps his old views.

Ellos mantienen su opinión They maintain their opinion.

María mantiene a su hijo Mary maintains=provides for her son.

Ella mantiene su declaración She maintains her declaration.

7 to claim to, to hold to, to maintain to.

Ellos mantienen haber limpiado They claim to have cleaned.

* * *

mantener

Conjugation model [ TENER], like link=tener tener

► verbo transitivo

1 (conservar) to keep

■ la policía mantiene el orden público the police keep law and order

■ la nevera mantiene los alimentos en buenas condiciones the fridge keeps food fresh

■ 'Mantenga Zamora limpia' "Keep Zamora tidy"

2 (tener) to keep

■ 'Mantener en posición vertical' "Keep vertical"

■ 'Mantener fuera del alcance de los niños' "Keep out of the reach of children"

3 (sostener) to support, hold up, hold

■ estos pilares mantienen el techo these pillars support the roof

■ no sé como se mantiene en pie con lo que ha bebido I don't know how he can stand up after having drunk so much

4 (sustentar) to support, maintain

■ ella sola mantiene a toda la familia she supports the whole family by herself

5 (afirmación etc) to maintain

■ pues yo mantengo que no es verdad well, I maintain that it is not true

6 (conversación, relaciones) to have; (reunión) to hold, have; (correspondencia) to keep up; (promesa, palabra) to keep

■ afirma que no mantuvieron relaciones sexuales he states that they did not have sexual intercourse

■ mantuvieron una larga correspondencia they kept up a lengthy correspondence

■ mantuvimos una reunión en su despacho we held a meeting in her office

► verbo pronominal mantenerse

1 (sostenerse) to remain, stand

2 (continuar en un estado, una posición) to keep

■ se mantuvo a distancia she kept her distance

■ se mantiene firme en sus creencias he remains firm in his beliefs

3 (sustenerse) to manage, maintain oneself, support oneself

4 (alimentarse) to eat, live

■ se mantiene a base de fruta she lives on fruit, she eats only fruit

■ no nos mantenemos del aire we can't live on air

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

mantener algo en secreto to keep something secret

mantenerse aparte to stay out of it, not get involved

mantenerse en contacto con to stay in contact with

mantenerse en forma to keep in shape, keep in trim, keep fit

mantenerse en pie to stand, remain standing

mantenerse en sus trece to stick to one's guns

mantenerse vivo,-a to stay alive

* * *

verb

1) to keep

2) maintain

3) hold

4) support

5) sustain

* * *

1. VT

1) (=sostener) [gen] to hold; [+ puente, techo] to support

mantén la caja un momento — hold the box a minute

los pilares que mantienen el puente — the pillars which support the bridge

2) (=preservar)

a) [en un lugar] to store, keep

una vez abierto manténgase refrigerado — once opened keep in a refrigerator

"manténgase en un lugar fresco y seco" — "store in a cool dry place"

b) [en un estado o situación] to keep

la ilusión es lo único que lo mantiene vivo — hope is the only thing that keeps him alive o going

hay que mantener actualizada la base de datos — we have to keep the database up to date

para mantener el motor en buen estado — to keep the engine in good condition

mantenga limpia su ciudad — keep your city clean

manténgase fuera del alcance de los niños — keep out of the reach of children

• mantener algo caliente — to keep sth hot

• mantener algo en equilibrio — to balance sth, keep sth balanced

• mantener algo en secreto — to keep sth a secret

mantuvo en secreto que tenía dos hijos — she kept her two children a secret
raya I, 1)
3) (=conservar) [+ opinión] to maintain, hold; [+ costumbre, ideales] to keep up, maintain; [+ disciplina] to maintain, keep; [+ promesa] to keep

un alto porcentaje mantenía su opinión sobre la crisis — a high percentage maintained o held their opinion about the crisis

me marcho manteniendo mi opinión — I'm leaving, but I stand by my opinion

una civilización que lucha por mantener sus tradiciones — a civilization struggling to uphold o maintain its traditions

eran partidarios de mantener el antiguo orden social — they were in favour of preserving the old social order

mantener el orden público — to keep the peace

• al conducir hay que mantener la distancia de seguridad — you have to keep (at) a safe distance when driving

• mantener el equilibrio — to keep one's balance

le cuesta mantener el equilibrio — he finds it difficult to keep his balance

hemos conseguido mantener el equilibrio entre ingresos y gastos — we have managed to maintain a balance between income and expenditure

• mantener el fuego — to keep the fire going

• mantener la línea — to keep one's figure, keep in shape

• mantener la paz — to keep the peace, maintain peace

- mantenella y no emendalla
calma, distancia
4) [económicamente] to support, maintain

ahora tiene una familia que mantener — now he has a family to support o maintain

ya no pienso mantenerla más — I refuse to keep o support o maintain her any longer

5) [+ conversación, contacto] to maintain, hold

es incapaz de mantener una conversación coherente — he is incapable of maintaining o holding a coherent conversation

en las conversaciones que hemos mantenido con el presidente — in the talks we have held with the president

¿han mantenido ustedes relaciones sexuales? — have you had sexual relations?
correspondencia 2)
6) (=afirmar) to maintain

siempre he mantenido lo contrario — I've always maintained the opposite

2.

See:

mantenerse

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

1) ( económicamente) <familia/persona> to support, maintain; < perro> to keep; < amante> to keep

2)

a) (conservar, preservar) to keep

mantener la calma/la compostura — to keep calm/one's composure

para mantener su peso actual — to maintain his present weight

mantener las viejas tradiciones — to keep up the old traditions

el euro ha mantenido su valor — the euro has held its value

b) (cierto estado, cierta situación) (+ compl) to keep

mantener el equilibrio — to keep one's balance

mantener algo en equilibrio — to balance sth

mantenga limpia su ciudad — keep Norwich (o York etc) tidy

3)

a) < conversaciones> to have; < contactos> to maintain, keep up; < correspondencia> to keep up; < relaciones> to maintain

las negociaciones mantenidas en Ginebra — the negotiations held in Geneva

b) ( cumplir) <promesa/palabra> to keep

4) (afirmar, sostener) to maintain
2.
mantenerse verbo pronominal

1) ( sustentarse económicamente) to support oneself

2) (en cierto estado, cierta situación) (+ compl) to keep

se mantuvieron en primera división — they kept their place in the first division

la torre aún se mantiene en pie — the tower is still standing

mantenerse a distancia — to keep one's distance

mantenerse en contacto con algn — to keep in touch with sb

se mantuvo neutral en la disputa — he remained neutral in the dispute

3) ( alimentarse)

mantenerse a base de latas — to live off tinned food

se mantiene a base de vitaminas — he lives on vitamin pills

* * *

= hold together, keep, maintain, maintain, preserve, retain, store, support, sustain, uphold, hold, service, carry on, keep + Nombre + going, operate, hold on to.

Ex. The organization was trembling on the brink of financial disaster, and only the journal, American Documentation, was holding it together.

Ex. Guard book or scrapbook type arrangement, with possibly a loose-leaf format, is suitable for organising and keeping cuttings, letters and other small items.

Ex. Expressiveness can be difficult to maintain as new subjects are added.

Ex. They maintain, in an article written for Library Resources and Technical Services (LRTS) 'that automated cataloging systems have addressed only half of the problems of maintaining a library catalog'.

Ex. The concepts are organised into facets, and the facets are arranged and applied in such a way that the general to special order is preserved.

Ex. At an earlier stage, the Library of Congress had decided to retain certain pre-AACR headings, in order to avoid the expense of extensive recataloguing.

Ex. The records in a computer data base are structured in order to suit the information that is being stored for various applications.

Ex. In order to support these three elements, and to ensure that schemes are updated it is important to have some organisation which takes responsibility for revision and publication.

Ex. Publishers in the United Stated benefit from a larger home market which serves to sustain the production of an information tool.

Ex. It's about time that we go back to these principles and make sure that the quality of cataloging is upheld.

Ex. Some theorists hold that one stage must be completely worked through before the next stage can be entered.

Ex. Special storage facilities have been constructed which are at present serviced manually but will soon be computerised.

Ex. If a child detects that no very strong value is placed on reading then he feels no compulsion to develop his own reading skill beyond the minimal, functional level we all need simply to carry on our daily lives in our print-dominated society.

Ex. The author explains how libraries can keep their services going without being slaves to the job.

Ex. These references operate in a similar fashion whether they are used to link authors' names or subject headings.

Ex. The girls were swept away by the water as they failed to hold on to the bus stand.

----

* capacidad de mantener la atención = attention span.

* debate + mantenerse = debate + rage.

* de mantener una conversación = conversational.

* el que mantiene a la familia = breadwinner [bread winner].

* mantener a Alguien alerta = keep + Nombre + on + Posesivo + toes.

* mantener a Alguien atento = keep + Nombre + on + Posesivo + toes.

* mantener a Alguien en vilo = keep + Nombre + on + Posesivo + toes.

* mantener a Alguien informado de = keep + Nombre + posted on.

* mantener activo = keep + Nombre + going.

* mantener a flote = keep + afloat.

* mantener a la par de = keep up with.

* mantener alejado = keep away, keep + Nombre + out.

* mantener Algo abierto = hold + Nombre + open.

* mantener Algo activo = keep + Nombre + at the fore.

* mantener Algo alejado = keep + Nombre + at arm's length.

* mantener Algo al mínimo = keep + Nombre + at a minimum.

* mantener Algo a salvo = keep + Nombre + out of harm's way.

* mantener Algo controlado = keep + Nombre + in check.

* mantener Algo en el buen camino = keep + Nombre + on track.

* mantener Algo en equilibrio = keep + Nombre + in balance.

* mantener Algo en la dirección correcta = keep + Nombre + on track.

* mantener Algo en orden = keep + Nombre + in order.

* mantener Algo fuera de peligro = keep + Nombre + out of harm's way.

* mantener Algo ordenado = keep + Nombre + tidy, keep + Nombre + in order.

* mantener Algo vivo = keep + the flame alive, keep + Nombre + at the fore.

* mantener al ralentí = idle.

* mantener a mano = keep to + hand.

* mantener aparte = keep + separate.

* mantener a raya = keep at + bay, hold off, keep + Nombre + in line, hold at + bay.

* mantener bajo control = keep + a rein on.

* mantener bajo vigilancia = keep under + observation.

* mantener constancia de = keep + record of.

* mantener contacto = maintain + contact.

* mantener control = hold + the reins of control.

* mantener cooperación = maintain + cooperation.

* mantener dentro = keep + Nombre + in.

* mantener el control = stay in + control.

* mantener el ímpetu = maintain + momentum.

* mantener el interés = hold + the interest.

* mantener el orden = keep + order, police.

* mantener el orden público = maintain + public order.

* mantener el ritmo = keep + pace.

* mantener el tipo = keep + a stiff upper lip.

* mantener en observación = hold under + observation, keep under + observation.

* mantener en privado = be out of the public eye.

* mantener en reserva = keep on + reserve, keep in + reserve.

* mantener en secreto = keep + secret, keep + hush hush, keep + confidential, keep + Nombre + under wraps.

* mantener en sintonía = keep in + step.

* mantener firme = keep + steady, hold in + line, hold + steady.

* mantener informado = keep + informed.

* mantener junto = keep together.

* mantener la atención de Alguien = hold + Posesivo + attention.

* mantener la boca cerrada = keep + Posesivo + mouth shut.

* mantener la bola rodando = keep + the ball rolling.

* mantener la cabeza = keep + Posesivo + head, keep + Posesivo + head together.

* mantener la cabeza alta = hold + Posesivo + head high.

* mantener la cabeza fría = keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.

* mantener la calma = keep + Posesivo + head, keep + Posesivo + head together, keep + Pronombre + cool, remain + cool-headed, keep + a cool head, play it + cool.

* mantener la coherencia = maintain + consistency.

* mantener la compostura = keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.

* mantener la condición (de) = retain + Posesivo + status (as).

* mantener la continuidad = maintain + continuity.

* mantener la delantera = keep + ahead.

* mantener la disciplina = maintain + discipline.

* mantener la palabra = keep + Posesivo + word, live up to + Posesivo + word.

* mantener la posición = hold + the line.

* mantener las apariencias = keep up + appearances.

* mantener las cosas en marcha = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.

* mantener las cosas en movimiento = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.

* mantener las cosas funcionando = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.

* mantener las cuentas = keep + Posesivo + accounts.

* mantener las distancias con = keep + Nombre + at arm's length.

* mantener la serenidad = keep + Pronombre + cool, keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.

* mantener la tradición = keep with + tradition.

* mantener la vida = sustain + life.

* mantener libre de = keep + free of.

* mantener los ojos bien abiertos = keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open, keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned.

* mantener los precios = hold + prices down.

* mantener oculto = keep + Nombre + under wraps.

* mantener ocupado = keep + busy.

* mantener ordenado = keep + Nombre + neat and tidy.

* mantener presente = keep before.

* mantener presionado = hold down.

* mantener registro de = keep + record of.

* mantener relaciones = maintain + contact, maintain + relationships, maintain + relations.

* mantener relaciones comerciales = do + business.

* mantenerse actualizado = keep up to + date (with).

* mantenerse actualizado de = keep + abreast of.

* mantenerse a distancia = stand off.

* mantenerse a flote = keep + Posesivo + head above the water, keep + the wolves from the door, stay + afloat, stay in + business.

* mantenerse aislado = keep to + Reflexivo.

* mantenerse a la cabeza = stay + ahead of the pack.

* mantenerse a la escucha = stay + tuned.

* mantenerse al corriente = keep + current.

* mantenerse al corriente de = keep + abreast of, stay + abreast of, keep + track of.

* mantenerse al día = keep up to + date (with), keep up with + the current scene, keep + current.

* mantenerse al día de = keep + abreast of, keep + pace with, keep up with, stay + abreast of, keep + a finger on the pulse of, stay in + step with, keep in + step with, keep + step with.

* mantenerse al día de las noticias = keep up with + the news.

* mantenerse al día de los avances = track + developments.

* mantenerse alejado = stay away, remain + aloof.

* mantenerse alejado de = stay away from, steer + clear of, give + Nombre + a wide berth, steer away from.

* mantenerse alejado de la mirada del público = shun + the public eye, keep out of + the public eye.

* mantenerse alejado de la mirada pública = shun + the public eye, keep out of + the public eye.

* mantenerse alejado de + Nombre = keep + Nombre + at a distance.

* mantenerse alerta = keep + alert, keep + an eye open, keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.

* mantenerse al frente = keep + ahead.

* mantenerse al margen = keep to + Reflexivo, take + a back seat, stand by, remain on + the sidelines.

* mantenerse al margen de = remain + uninvolved in, hold + Reflexivo + apart from.

* mantenerse al margen de Algo = stay above + Algo.

* mantenerse al tanto = stay + tuned.

* mantenerse al tanto de = keep in + sync, keep + a finger on the pulse of, keep + track of, stay in + step with, keep in + step with, keep + step with.

* mantenerse al tanto de las cosas = stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.

* mantenerse al tanto de las noticias = keep up with + the news.

* mantenerse al tanto de los avances = track + developments.

* mantenerse atento = keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.

* mantenerse atento a lo que ocurre alrededor = have + an ear to the ground, keep + Posesivo + ear to the ground.

* mantenerse bien = keep + well.

* mantenerse caliente = keep + warm.

* mantenerse callado = keep + quiet.

* mantenerse callado y pensativo con cierto resentimiento = brood.

* mantenerse como válido = hold up.

* mantener secreto = keep + secret.

* mantenerse despierto = keep + alert, stay + awake.

* mantenerse en buen estado físico = keep + fit.

* mantenerse en contacto = stay + tuned.

* mantenerse en contacto (con) = keep in + touch (with), stay in + touch (with).

* mantenerse en espera = stay + tuned.

* mantenerse en forma = keep + fit.

* mantenerse en línea con = keep in + line with.

* mantenerse en pie = hold + Posesivo + own.

* mantenerse en + Posesivo + trece = stick to + Posesivo + guns.

* mantenerse en sincronía = keep in + sync.

* mantenerse en su sitio = stand + Posesivo + ground.

* mantenerse en sus trece = stand + Posesivo + ground.

* mantenerse fiel a = stick with.

* mantenerse fiel a los principios de Uno = stick to + Posesivo + principles.

* mantenerse firme = stand + Posesivo + ground, stick to + Posesivo + guns.

* mantenerse impasible = keep + a stiff upper lip.

* mantenerse informado = keep up to + date (with), keep + current.

* mantenerse informado de = keep + abreast of.

* mantenerse lejos de = steer + clear of, give + Nombre + a wide berth, steer away from.

* mantenerse líder = stay + ahead of the pack.

* mantener(se) ocupado = keep + busy.

* mantener separado = keep apart.

* mantenerse por delante = keep + ahead.

* mantenerse por delante de la competencia = keep + one step ahead of the game, keep + one step ahead of the competition.

* mantenerse unidos = stick together.

* mantenerse vigente = hold + Posesivo + own.

* mantener silencio = keep + silent, keep + silence.

* mantener sincronizado = keep in + step.

* mantener suspenso en el aire = suspend.

* mantener todo controlado = stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.

* mantener una actitud = hold + attitude.

* mantener una actitud abierta = be open-minded.

* mantener una apariencia de = maintain + a semblance of.

* mantener una conversación = hold + conversation.

* mantener una opinión = hold + view, hold + opinion.

* mantener una promesa = keep + Posesivo + promise.

* mantener una relación con = carry on + relationship with.

* mantener un concepto = hold + concept.

* mantener un control férreo sobre = hold + an iron grip on.

* mantener un debate = hold + discussion.

* mantener un equilibrio = balance, maintain + a balance, keep + a balance.

* mantener un estándar = uphold + standard.

* mantener un interés = pursue + interest.

* mantener un registro = keep + log.

* mantener un registro de = keep + track of, record.

* mantener un sistema de turnos = hold + a rota of.

* mantener vigente = keep + alive.

* mantener vivo = keep + alive, maintain + momentum, keep + Nombre + going.

* máquina que mantiene las constantes vitales = life-support system.

* para mantener(se) ocupado = keep-busy.

* voluntad de mantener Algo en secreto = secretiveness.

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

1) ( económicamente) <familia/persona> to support, maintain; < perro> to keep; < amante> to keep

2)

a) (conservar, preservar) to keep

mantener la calma/la compostura — to keep calm/one's composure

para mantener su peso actual — to maintain his present weight

mantener las viejas tradiciones — to keep up the old traditions

el euro ha mantenido su valor — the euro has held its value

b) (cierto estado, cierta situación) (+ compl) to keep

mantener el equilibrio — to keep one's balance

mantener algo en equilibrio — to balance sth

mantenga limpia su ciudad — keep Norwich (o York etc) tidy

3)

a) < conversaciones> to have; < contactos> to maintain, keep up; < correspondencia> to keep up; < relaciones> to maintain

las negociaciones mantenidas en Ginebra — the negotiations held in Geneva

b) ( cumplir) <promesa/palabra> to keep

4) (afirmar, sostener) to maintain
2.
mantenerse verbo pronominal

1) ( sustentarse económicamente) to support oneself

2) (en cierto estado, cierta situación) (+ compl) to keep

se mantuvieron en primera división — they kept their place in the first division

la torre aún se mantiene en pie — the tower is still standing

mantenerse a distancia — to keep one's distance

mantenerse en contacto con algn — to keep in touch with sb

se mantuvo neutral en la disputa — he remained neutral in the dispute

3) ( alimentarse)

mantenerse a base de latas — to live off tinned food

se mantiene a base de vitaminas — he lives on vitamin pills

* * *

= hold together, keep, maintain, maintain, preserve, retain, store, support, sustain, uphold, hold, service, carry on, keep + Nombre + going, operate, hold on to.

Ex: The organization was trembling on the brink of financial disaster, and only the journal, American Documentation, was holding it together.

Ex: Guard book or scrapbook type arrangement, with possibly a loose-leaf format, is suitable for organising and keeping cuttings, letters and other small items.

Ex: Expressiveness can be difficult to maintain as new subjects are added.

Ex: They maintain, in an article written for Library Resources and Technical Services (LRTS) 'that automated cataloging systems have addressed only half of the problems of maintaining a library catalog'.

Ex: The concepts are organised into facets, and the facets are arranged and applied in such a way that the general to special order is preserved.

Ex: At an earlier stage, the Library of Congress had decided to retain certain pre-AACR headings, in order to avoid the expense of extensive recataloguing.

Ex: The records in a computer data base are structured in order to suit the information that is being stored for various applications.

Ex: In order to support these three elements, and to ensure that schemes are updated it is important to have some organisation which takes responsibility for revision and publication.

Ex: Publishers in the United Stated benefit from a larger home market which serves to sustain the production of an information tool.

Ex: It's about time that we go back to these principles and make sure that the quality of cataloging is upheld.

Ex: Some theorists hold that one stage must be completely worked through before the next stage can be entered.

Ex: Special storage facilities have been constructed which are at present serviced manually but will soon be computerised.

Ex: If a child detects that no very strong value is placed on reading then he feels no compulsion to develop his own reading skill beyond the minimal, functional level we all need simply to carry on our daily lives in our print-dominated society.

Ex: The author explains how libraries can keep their services going without being slaves to the job.

Ex: These references operate in a similar fashion whether they are used to link authors' names or subject headings.

Ex: The girls were swept away by the water as they failed to hold on to the bus stand.

* capacidad de mantener la atención = attention span.

* debate + mantenerse = debate + rage.

* de mantener una conversación = conversational.

* el que mantiene a la familia = breadwinner [bread winner].

* mantener a Alguien alerta = keep + Nombre + on + Posesivo + toes.

* mantener a Alguien atento = keep + Nombre + on + Posesivo + toes.

* mantener a Alguien en vilo = keep + Nombre + on + Posesivo + toes.

* mantener a Alguien informado de = keep + Nombre + posted on.

* mantener activo = keep + Nombre + going.

* mantener a flote = keep + afloat.

* mantener a la par de = keep up with.

* mantener alejado = keep away, keep + Nombre + out.

* mantener Algo abierto = hold + Nombre + open.

* mantener Algo activo = keep + Nombre + at the fore.

* mantener Algo alejado = keep + Nombre + at arm's length.

* mantener Algo al mínimo = keep + Nombre + at a minimum.

* mantener Algo a salvo = keep + Nombre + out of harm's way.

* mantener Algo controlado = keep + Nombre + in check.

* mantener Algo en el buen camino = keep + Nombre + on track.

* mantener Algo en equilibrio = keep + Nombre + in balance.

* mantener Algo en la dirección correcta = keep + Nombre + on track.

* mantener Algo en orden = keep + Nombre + in order.

* mantener Algo fuera de peligro = keep + Nombre + out of harm's way.

* mantener Algo ordenado = keep + Nombre + tidy, keep + Nombre + in order.

* mantener Algo vivo = keep + the flame alive, keep + Nombre + at the fore.

* mantener al ralentí = idle.

* mantener a mano = keep to + hand.

* mantener aparte = keep + separate.

* mantener a raya = keep at + bay, hold off, keep + Nombre + in line, hold at + bay.

* mantener bajo control = keep + a rein on.

* mantener bajo vigilancia = keep under + observation.

* mantener constancia de = keep + record of.

* mantener contacto = maintain + contact.

* mantener control = hold + the reins of control.

* mantener cooperación = maintain + cooperation.

* mantener dentro = keep + Nombre + in.

* mantener el control = stay in + control.

* mantener el ímpetu = maintain + momentum.

* mantener el interés = hold + the interest.

* mantener el orden = keep + order, police.

* mantener el orden público = maintain + public order.

* mantener el ritmo = keep + pace.

* mantener el tipo = keep + a stiff upper lip.

* mantener en observación = hold under + observation, keep under + observation.

* mantener en privado = be out of the public eye.

* mantener en reserva = keep on + reserve, keep in + reserve.

* mantener en secreto = keep + secret, keep + hush hush, keep + confidential, keep + Nombre + under wraps.

* mantener en sintonía = keep in + step.

* mantener firme = keep + steady, hold in + line, hold + steady.

* mantener informado = keep + informed.

* mantener junto = keep together.

* mantener la atención de Alguien = hold + Posesivo + attention.

* mantener la boca cerrada = keep + Posesivo + mouth shut.

* mantener la bola rodando = keep + the ball rolling.

* mantener la cabeza = keep + Posesivo + head, keep + Posesivo + head together.

* mantener la cabeza alta = hold + Posesivo + head high.

* mantener la cabeza fría = keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.

* mantener la calma = keep + Posesivo + head, keep + Posesivo + head together, keep + Pronombre + cool, remain + cool-headed, keep + a cool head, play it + cool.

* mantener la coherencia = maintain + consistency.

* mantener la compostura = keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.

* mantener la condición (de) = retain + Posesivo + status (as).

* mantener la continuidad = maintain + continuity.

* mantener la delantera = keep + ahead.

* mantener la disciplina = maintain + discipline.

* mantener la palabra = keep + Posesivo + word, live up to + Posesivo + word.

* mantener la posición = hold + the line.

* mantener las apariencias = keep up + appearances.

* mantener las cosas en marcha = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.

* mantener las cosas en movimiento = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.

* mantener las cosas funcionando = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.

* mantener las cuentas = keep + Posesivo + accounts.

* mantener las distancias con = keep + Nombre + at arm's length.

* mantener la serenidad = keep + Pronombre + cool, keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.

* mantener la tradición = keep with + tradition.

* mantener la vida = sustain + life.

* mantener libre de = keep + free of.

* mantener los ojos bien abiertos = keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open, keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned.

* mantener los precios = hold + prices down.

* mantener oculto = keep + Nombre + under wraps.

* mantener ocupado = keep + busy.

* mantener ordenado = keep + Nombre + neat and tidy.

* mantener presente = keep before.

* mantener presionado = hold down.

* mantener registro de = keep + record of.

* mantener relaciones = maintain + contact, maintain + relationships, maintain + relations.

* mantener relaciones comerciales = do + business.

* mantenerse actualizado = keep up to + date (with).

* mantenerse actualizado de = keep + abreast of.

* mantenerse a distancia = stand off.

* mantenerse a flote = keep + Posesivo + head above the water, keep + the wolves from the door, stay + afloat, stay in + business.

* mantenerse aislado = keep to + Reflexivo.

* mantenerse a la cabeza = stay + ahead of the pack.

* mantenerse a la escucha = stay + tuned.

* mantenerse al corriente = keep + current.

* mantenerse al corriente de = keep + abreast of, stay + abreast of, keep + track of.

* mantenerse al día = keep up to + date (with), keep up with + the current scene, keep + current.

* mantenerse al día de = keep + abreast of, keep + pace with, keep up with, stay + abreast of, keep + a finger on the pulse of, stay in + step with, keep in + step with, keep + step with.

* mantenerse al día de las noticias = keep up with + the news.

* mantenerse al día de los avances = track + developments.

* mantenerse alejado = stay away, remain + aloof.

* mantenerse alejado de = stay away from, steer + clear of, give + Nombre + a wide berth, steer away from.

* mantenerse alejado de la mirada del público = shun + the public eye, keep out of + the public eye.

* mantenerse alejado de la mirada pública = shun + the public eye, keep out of + the public eye.

* mantenerse alejado de + Nombre = keep + Nombre + at a distance.

* mantenerse alerta = keep + alert, keep + an eye open, keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.

* mantenerse al frente = keep + ahead.

* mantenerse al margen = keep to + Reflexivo, take + a back seat, stand by, remain on + the sidelines.

* mantenerse al margen de = remain + uninvolved in, hold + Reflexivo + apart from.

* mantenerse al margen de Algo = stay above + Algo.

* mantenerse al tanto = stay + tuned.

* mantenerse al tanto de = keep in + sync, keep + a finger on the pulse of, keep + track of, stay in + step with, keep in + step with, keep + step with.

* mantenerse al tanto de las cosas = stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.

* mantenerse al tanto de las noticias = keep up with + the news.

* mantenerse al tanto de los avances = track + developments.

* mantenerse atento = keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.

* mantenerse atento a lo que ocurre alrededor = have + an ear to the ground, keep + Posesivo + ear to the ground.

* mantenerse bien = keep + well.

* mantenerse caliente = keep + warm.

* mantenerse callado = keep + quiet.

* mantenerse callado y pensativo con cierto resentimiento = brood.

* mantenerse como válido = hold up.

* mantener secreto = keep + secret.

* mantenerse despierto = keep + alert, stay + awake.

* mantenerse en buen estado físico = keep + fit.

* mantenerse en contacto = stay + tuned.

* mantenerse en contacto (con) = keep in + touch (with), stay in + touch (with).

* mantenerse en espera = stay + tuned.

* mantenerse en forma = keep + fit.

* mantenerse en línea con = keep in + line with.

* mantenerse en pie = hold + Posesivo + own.

* mantenerse en + Posesivo + trece = stick to + Posesivo + guns.

* mantenerse en sincronía = keep in + sync.

* mantenerse en su sitio = stand + Posesivo + ground.

* mantenerse en sus trece = stand + Posesivo + ground.

* mantenerse fiel a = stick with.

* mantenerse fiel a los principios de Uno = stick to + Posesivo + principles.

* mantenerse firme = stand + Posesivo + ground, stick to + Posesivo + guns.

* mantenerse impasible = keep + a stiff upper lip.

* mantenerse informado = keep up to + date (with), keep + current.

* mantenerse informado de = keep + abreast of.

* mantenerse lejos de = steer + clear of, give + Nombre + a wide berth, steer away from.

* mantenerse líder = stay + ahead of the pack.

* mantener(se) ocupado = keep + busy.

* mantener separado = keep apart.

* mantenerse por delante = keep + ahead.

* mantenerse por delante de la competencia = keep + one step ahead of the game, keep + one step ahead of the competition.

* mantenerse unidos = stick together.

* mantenerse vigente = hold + Posesivo + own.

* mantener silencio = keep + silent, keep + silence.

* mantener sincronizado = keep in + step.

* mantener suspenso en el aire = suspend.

* mantener todo controlado = stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.

* mantener una actitud = hold + attitude.

* mantener una actitud abierta = be open-minded.

* mantener una apariencia de = maintain + a semblance of.

* mantener una conversación = hold + conversation.

* mantener una opinión = hold + view, hold + opinion.

* mantener una promesa = keep + Posesivo + promise.

* mantener una relación con = carry on + relationship with.

* mantener un concepto = hold + concept.

* mantener un control férreo sobre = hold + an iron grip on.

* mantener un debate = hold + discussion.

* mantener un equilibrio = balance, maintain + a balance, keep + a balance.

* mantener un estándar = uphold + standard.

* mantener un interés = pursue + interest.

* mantener un registro = keep + log.

* mantener un registro de = keep + track of, record.

* mantener un sistema de turnos = hold + a rota of.

* mantener vigente = keep + alive.

* mantener vivo = keep + alive, maintain + momentum, keep + Nombre + going.

* máquina que mantiene las constantes vitales = life-support system.

* para mantener(se) ocupado = keep-busy.

* voluntad de mantener Algo en secreto = secretiveness.

* * *

mantener [ E27 ]

vt

A (sustentar económicamente) ‹familia/persona› to support, maintain

cuesta una fortuna mantener a ese perro tan grande it costs a fortune to keep that enormous dog

¡y pretende que ella lo mantenga! and he expects her to support o keep him!

B

1 (conservar, preservar) to keep

mantener la calma/la compostura to keep calm/one's composure

mantener el orden to keep o ( frml) maintain order

para mantener la paz in order to keep the peace

mantener su peso actual to maintain his present weight

mantener las viejas tradiciones to keep up the old traditions

2 (en cierto estado, cierta situación) (+ compl) to keep

los postes mantienen la viga en posición the posts keep the beam in position

mantener el equilibrio to keep one's balance

lo mantiene en equilibrio sobre la punta de la nariz he balances it on the end of his nose

los militares lo mantuvieron en el poder the military kept him in power

todos los medicamentos deben mantenerse fuera del alcance de los niños all medicines should be kept out of reach of children

[ S ] mantenga limpia su ciudad keep Norwich ( o York etc) tidy

[ S ] una vez abierto manténgase refrigerado keep refrigerated once open

no mantiene su coche en buenas condiciones he doesn't keep his car in good condition, he doesn't maintain his car very well

sigue manteniendo vivos sus ideales he still keeps his ideals alive

C

1 ‹conversaciones› to have; ‹contactos› to maintain, keep up; ‹correspondencia› to keep up; ‹relaciones› to maintain

durante las negociaciones mantenidas en Ginebra during the negotiations held in Geneva

2 (cumplir) ‹promesa/palabra› to keep

D (afirmar, sostener) to maintain

mantiene que es inocente he maintains that he is innocent

■ mantenerse

v pron

A (sustentarse económicamente) to support o maintain o keep oneself

B (en cierto estado, cierta situación) (+ compl) to keep

se mantuvieron en primera división they kept their place o they stayed in the first division

mantenerse en forma to keep in shape, to keep fit

lo único que se mantiene en pie es la torre all that remains is the tower, only the tower is still standing

se mantiene al día she keeps up to date

siempre se mantuvo a distancia he always kept his distance

se mantuvo en contacto con sus amigos de la infancia he kept in touch with o kept up with his childhood friends

se mantuvo neutral en la disputa he remained neutral in the dispute

C

(alimentarse): nos mantuvimos a base de latas we lived off tinned food

se mantiene a base de vitaminas he lives on vitamin pills

* * *

mantener ( conjugate mantener) verbo transitivo
1 ( económicamente) ‹familia/persona› to support, maintain;
‹ amante› to keep
2 (conservar, preservar) to keep;
◊ mantener la calma to keep calm;

mantener el equilibrio to keep one's balance;
mantener algo en equilibrio to balance sth;
para mantener su peso actual to maintain his present weight
3
a) ‹ conversaciones› to have;

‹ contactos› to maintain, keep up;
‹ correspondencia› to keep up;
‹ relaciones› to maintain
b) ( cumplir) ‹promesa/palabra› to keep

4 (afirmar, sostener) to maintain
mantenerse verbo pronominal
1 ( sustentarse económicamente) to support oneself
2 (en cierto estado, cierta situación) to keep;
◊ mantenerse en forma to keep fit;

la torre aún se mantiene en pie the tower is still standing;
mantenerse en contacto (con algn) to keep in touch (with sb)
3 ( alimentarse):
◊ mantenerse a base de latas to live off tinned food

mantener verbo transitivo
1 (conservar) to keep: ella mantiene vivo su recuerdo, she keeps his memory alive
mantén la calma, keep calm
2 (sostener) to have: mantuvimos una conversación muy seria, we had a very serious talk
(una teoría, hipótesis) to defend, maintain
3 (alimentar, sustentar) to support, feed: no podían mantener las dos casas, they couldn't keep up both houses
4 (peso) to support, hold up
' mantener' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
callarse
- conchabarse
- conservar
- conservarse
- continuismo
- escribirse
- ir
- hilo
- línea
- raya
- sustentar
- tener
- tipo
- ahuyentar
- alerta
- calma
- correspondencia
- corriente
- disciplina
- flote
- guardar
- llevar
- mantiene
- mantuve
- orden
- preservar
- sujetar
English:
balance
- bay
- buoy
- captive
- carry on
- cherish
- cool
- fire
- hold
- hold off
- house
- hygiene
- image
- keep
- keep away
- keep down
- keep up
- maintain
- order
- preserve
- provide for
- retain
- secrecy
- stall
- support
- suspense
- sustain
- swear
- track
- unionist
- uphold
- weight-watching
- white elephant
- carry
- clear
- conduct
- correspond
- credit
- door
- go
- head
- inform
- occupy
- peace
- police
- provide
- segregate
- stand
- stick
- struggle

* * *

mantener

♦ vt

1. [económicamente] to support;

con su sueldo mantiene a toda la familia he has to support o keep his whole family with his wages

2. [sostener] to keep;

un andamio mantiene el edificio en pie a scaffold supports the building o keeps the building from falling down;

mantén los brazos en alto keep your arms in the air

3. [conservar] to keep;
[ritmo, nivel, presión] to keep up;
mantener las amistades to keep up one's friendships;

mantener algo en buen estado to keep sth in good condition;

mantener la calma to stay calm;

mantener el orden to keep order;

mantener la línea to keep one's figure;

mantener una promesa/la palabra to keep a promise/one's word;

mantenga limpia su ciudad [en letrero] keep your city tidy;

manténgase en un lugar seco [en etiqueta] keep in a dry place;

manténgase fuera del alcance de los niños [en medicamento, producto tóxico] keep out of the reach of children;

es incapaz de mantener la boca cerrada he can't keep his mouth shut

4. [tener] [conversación] to have;
[negociaciones, diálogo] to hold;
mantener correspondencia con alguien to correspond with sb;

mantener relaciones con alguien to have a relationship with sb;

mantener contactos con alguien to be in contact with sb

5. [defender] [convicción, idea] to stick to;
[candidatura] to refuse to withdraw;
mantiene su inocencia she maintains that she is innocent;

mantiene que no la vio he maintains that he didn't see her

♦ See also the pronominal verb mantenerse

* * *

mantener

v/t

1 ( sujetar) hold; techo etc hold up

2 ( preservar) keep

3 conversación, relación have

4 económicamente support

5 ( afirmar) maintain

* * *

mantener {80} vt

1) sustentar: to support, to feed

mantener uno su familia: to support one's family

2) conservar: to keep, to preserve

3) continuar: to keep up, to sustain

mantener una correspondencia: to keep up a correspondence

4) afirmar: to maintain, to affirm

♦ See also the reflexive verb mantenerse

* * *

mantener vb

1. (en general) to keep [pt. & pp. kept]

la nevera mantiene los alimentos fríos the fridge keeps food cold

he mantenido mi promesa I've kept my promise

2. (económicamente) to support

su hijo mantiene a toda la familia their son supports the whole family

3. (afirmar) to maintain

mantengo lo que dije el mes pasado I maintain what I said last month

4. (sujetar) to hold [pt. & pp. held]

mantén bien sujeto el cuadro hold the picture tight

Spanish-English dictionary > mantener
6 Техническая конференция по наблюдению и измерению загрязняющих веществ в атмосфере

Ecology: Technical Conference on Observation and Measurement Contaminants (Всемирная метеорологическая организация), Technical Conference on Observation and Measurement of Atmospheric Contaminants (Всемирная метеорологическая организация)

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Техническая конференция по наблюдению и измерению загрязняющих веществ в атмосфере
7 помощь

аптечка первой помощи
first-aid kit
ведомый с помощью радиолокатора
radar-guided
включать подачу топлива из бака с помощью электрического крана
switch to the proper tank
включать подачу топлива из бока с помощью механического крана
turn the proper tank on
воздушное судно, нуждающееся в помощи
aircraft requiring assistance
выдерживание курса полета с помощью инерциальной системы
inertial tracking
выполнение полетов с помощью радиосредств
radio fly
выпуск шасси с помощью скоростного напора
wind-assisted extension
герметизация фонаря кабины с помощью шланга
canopy strip seal
дистанционное управление рулями с помощью электроприводов
fly-by-wire
крен с помощью элеронов
aileron roll
машина технической помощи
wrecking truck
наблюдение при помощи радиозонда
radiosonde observation
необратимое управление с помощью гидроусилителей
power-operated control
обратимое управление с помощью гидроусилителей
power-boost control
оказывать помощь при эвакуации
assist in evacuation
определение местоположения с помощью радиосредства
radio fixing
переходить на управление с помощью автопилота
switch to the autopilot
пилотировать при помощи автопилота
fly under the autopilot
пилотировать с помощью автоматического управления
fly automatically
пилотировать с помощью штурвального управления
fly manually
полет для оказания медицинской помощи
aerial ambulance operation
полет с помощью радионавигационных средств
radio navigation flight
получать информацию с помощью регистратора
obtain from recorder
посадка при помощи автопилота
autopilot autoland
посадка с помощью ручного управления
manland
прокладка маршрута с помощью бортовых средств навигации
aircraft self routing
радиолокационное наблюдение с помощью зонда
radarsonde observation
разворот с помощью элеронов
bank with ailerons
распределение подачи при помощи системы трубопроводов
manifolding
распространять с помощью телетайпа
disseminate by teletypewriter
рейс для оказания помощи
relief flight
Секция расчетов по вопросам технической помощи
Technical Assistance Accounts section
(ИКАО) средства первой помощи
first-aid equipment
строительные работы с помощью авиации
construction work operations
уплотнение с помощью поршневого кольца
piston-ring type seal
управление креном с помощью аэродинамической поверхности
aerodynamic roll control
управление с помощью автопилота
autopilot control
управление с помощью аэродинамической поверхности
aerodynamic control
управление с помощью гидроусилителей
1. powered control
2. assisted control Управление технической помощи
Technical Assistance Bureau
управляемый с помощью радиолокатора
radar-directed
управлять рулями с помощью электроприводов
fly by wire

Русско-английский авиационный словарь > помощь
8 παρατήρησις

παρατήρησις, εως, ἡ (παρατηρέω; since Pythag., Ep. 5, 1; Polyb., ins; Aq. Ex 12:42).

① act of watching or keeping an eye on someth. closely, observation (Polyb. 16, 22, 8; Diod S 1, 9, 6; 1, 28, 1 [both τῶν ἄστρων and in a technical sense]; 5, 31, 3 [observ. of the future by certain signs; for critique of such practice, s. Herod’s comments to his troops Jos., B. 1, 377]; Περὶ ὕψους 23, 2 [observ. in the field of language]; Epict. 3, 16, 15; Plut., Mor. 266b; M. Ant. 3, 4, 1; Proclus on Pla., Cratyl. p. 40, 2 Pasqu.; Medical wr. of the observ. of symptoms [Heraclit. Sto. 14, p. 22, 10; Hobart 153]; IG IV²/1, 687, 14 [II A.D.]; Jos., Bell. 1, 570) μετὰ παρατηρήσεως with observation (schol. on Soph., Ant. 637 p. 249 Papag.) οὐκ ἔρχεται ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ μετὰ παρατηρήσεως God’s Reign is not coming with observation, i.e. in such a way that its rise can be observed Lk 17:20 (HAllen, Exp. 9th ser., 4, 1925, 59–61; s. also ἐντός 1, esp. BNoack ’48; AStrobel, ZNW 49, ’58, 157–96, cp. AMerx, Die 4 kanonischen Evangelien II, 2, 1905, 345: cp. Ex 12:42).

② act of following rules, observance of legal prescriptions (Jos., Ant. 8, 96 παρατήρησις τῶν νομίμων; Ath., R. 15 p. 67, 1 δικαιοσύνης π.), esp. of festivals Dg 4:5 (παρατηρέω 3).—DELG s.v. τηρέω. M-M. TW. Sv.

Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > παρατήρησις
9 БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ

Мы приняли следующие сокращения для наиболее часто упоминаемых книг и журналов:

IJP - International Journal of Psycho-analysis

JAPA - Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association

SE - Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1953—74.)

PSOC - Psychoanalytic Study of the Child (New Haven: Yale University Press)

PQ - Psychoanalytic Quarterly

WAF - The Writings of Anna Freud, ed. Anna Freud (New York: International Universities Press, 1966—74)

PMC - Psychoanalysis The Major Concepts ed. Burness E. Moore and Bernard D. Fine (New Haven: Yale University Press)

\

О словаре: _about - Psychoanalytic Terms and Concepts

\

1. Abend, S. M. Identity. PMC. Forthcoming.

2. Abend, S. M. (1974) Problems of identity. PQ, 43.

3. Abend, S. M., Porder, M. S. & Willick, M. S. (1983) Borderline Patients. New York: Int. Univ. Press.

4. Abraham, K. (1916) The first pregenital stage of libido. Selected Papers. London, Hogarth Press, 1948.

5. Abraham, K. (1917) Ejaculatio praecox. In: selected Papers. New York Basic Books.

6. Abraham, K. (1921) Contributions to the theory of the anal character. Selected Papers. New York: Basic Books, 1953.

7. Abraham, K. (1924) A Short study of the development of the libido, viewed in the light of mental disorders. In: Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1927.

8. Abraham, K. (1924) Manic-depressive states and the pre-genital levels of the libido. In: Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1949.

9. Abraham, K. (1924) Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1948.

10. Abraham, K. (1924) The influence of oral erotism on character formation. Ibid.

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264. Freud, S. (1910) The autithentical meaning of primal words. SE, 11.

265. Freud, S. (1910) The future prospects of psychoanalytic therapy. SE, 11.

266. Freud, S. (1910) The psychoanalytic view of psychogenic disturbance of vision. SE, 11.

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268. Freud, S. (1911) Notes on a case of paranoia. SE, 12.

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278. Freud, S. (1914) Mourning and melancholia. SE, 15.

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280. Freud, S. (1914) On narcissism. SE. 14.

281. Freud, S. (1914) On the history of the psychoanalytic movement. SE, 14.

282. Freud, S. (1914) Remembering, repeating, and working-through. SE, 12.

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799. Spitz, R. A. (1946) Anaclitic depression. PSOC, 2.

800. Spitz, R. A. (1946) Hospitalism: A follow-up report. PSOC, 2.

801. Spitz, R. A. (1946) The smiling response. Genet. Psychol. Monagr. 34.

802. Spitz, R. A. (1955) The primal cavity. PSOC, 10.

803. Spitz, R. A. (1957) No and Yes. New York: Int. Univ. Press.

804. Spitz, R. A. (1959) A Genetic Field Theory of Ego Formation. New York: Int. Univ. Press.

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814. Stern, D. N. (1985) The Interpersonal World of the Infant New York: Basic Books.

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843. Tyson, P. Development. PMC. Forthcoming.

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846. Tyson, P. & Tyson, R. L. The psychoanalitic theory of development. PMC. Forthcoming.

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853. Waelder, R. (1962) Psychoanalysis scientific method, and philosophy. JAPA, 10.

854. Waelder, R. (1963) Psychic determinism and the possibility of prediction. PQ, 32.

855. Waelder, R. (1967) Trauma and the variety of extraordinary challenges. In: Fuest (1967).

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861. Wallerstein, R. (1965) The goals of psychoanalysis. JAPA, 13.

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868. Weisman, A. D. (1972) On Dying and Denying. New York: Behavioral Publications.

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877. Wieder, H. (1978) The psychoanalytic treatment of preadolescents In Child Analysis and Therapy, ed. J. Glenn. New York Aronson.

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881. Wilson, C. P. S Mintz, I. (1982) Abstaining and bulimic anorexics. Primary Care, 9.

882. Wilson, E. O. (1978) On Human Nature. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press.

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902. Wolpert, E. A. (1980) Major affective disorders. In: Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, ed. H. I. Kaplan, A. M. Freedman & B. J. Saddock. Boston: Williams & Wilkins, vol. 2.

903. Wurmser, L. (1977) A defense of the use of metaphor in analytic theory formation. PQ, 46.

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Словарь психоаналитических терминов и понятий > БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ
10 контроль контрол·ь

(проверка, наблюдение с целью проверки) control, inspection; (за выполнением договора и т.п.) тех. verification; monitoring

поддающийся контролю — verifiable

быть / находиться под контроль ем — to be under control

ввести контроль — to adopt / impose control (over)

взять под контроль — to bring / to put (smth.) under control

выйти из-под контроля — to go out of control

держать под контролем — to have control (over), to hold the key (of)

затруднять осуществление контроля — to impede verification

обеспечить контроль — to ensure / to provide for verification

ослабить контроль — to loosen / to slacken control (over)

осуществлять контроль — to exercise / have control (over), to carry out verification

передать под чей-л. контроль — to place under smb.'s control

перейти под национальный контроль — to pass under national control

поддаваться контролю — to lend oneselves to verification

подлежать контролю — to be subject to inspection

получить контроль — to gain control (over)

пользоваться правом контроля — to enjoy the right to control

поставить под контроль — to bring under control

потерять контроль — to lose control (of)

согласовать эффективные меры контроля — to agree upon effective verification measures

сократить количество ядерного оружия при (надлежащем) контроле — to reduce verifiably the quantity of nuclear weapons

сохранить контроль — to retain control (over)

ужесточить контроль — to tighten control (over)

уклоняться от контроля — to escape verification

усилить контроль — to strengthen control (over)

установить контроль — to set up / to establish control (over)

вновь установить контроль — to regain control (over)

адекватный / надлежащий / соответствующий контроль — adequate / appropriate control / verification

под адекватным / надлежащим / соответствующим контролем — adequately verified

безопасный контроль — safe control

валютный контроль — currency / exchange control; (сдача государству валюты и покупка её по установленному курсу) rationing of foreign exchange

всеобщий и полный контроль — general and complete verification

государственный контроль — state control

находиться под жёстким государственным контроль ем — to be under strict government control

освободить от государственного контроля — to decontrol

форма государственного экономического контроля (юридически одобренная, но применяемая при определённых условиях) — stand-by control

действенный / эффективный контроль — effective / efficient control (over)

демократический контроль снизу — grassroots democratic control

дистанционный контроль — remote control / monitoring / verification; extraterritorial monitoring

инструментальный контроль, контроль с помощью приборов — instrumental control / verification / monitoring

косвенный контроль — indirect monitoring

международный контроль — international control

всеобъемлющий международный контроль — comprehensive international control

международный контроль над атомной энергией — international control of atomic energy

надёжный контроль — fail-safe control

наземный контроль — ground control

народный контроль — public control, voluntary public inspection

незамедлительно осуществляемый контроль — instantaneous monitoring

неограниченный контроль — absolute control

непрерывный контроль — continuous monitoring

непрерывный контроль с помощью установленных на месте приборов — continuous monitoring with on-site instruments

открытый контроль (за уничтожением запасов оружия и т.п.) — demonstrative verification

паспортный контроль — passport control / inspection

повседневный контроль — day-to-day control

политический контроль — political control

постоянный контроль — constant control

поэтапный контроль — stage-by-stage control, control by stages

правительственный контроль, контроль правительства — government control / inspection

под контролем правительства — under government control

радиационный контроль — radiation / radiological monitoring

санитарный контроль — sanitary inspection

сейсмологический контроль — seismological monitoring

строгий контроль — strict control, stringent monitoring / verification

под строгим и эффективным международным контролем — under strict and effective international control

таможенный контроль — customs control

токсикологический контроль — lexicological verification

финансовый контроль — financial control (over)

экспортный контроль — export control

экстратерриторнальный контроль — extraterritorial monitoring

возможность контроля — verifiability

контроль деятельности администрации — control of the work of administration / managerial staff

контроль за атмосферой / состоянием атмосферы — atmospheric monitoring

контроль за взятыми обязательствами — verification of compliance with adopted obligations

контроль за непроизводством (химического оружия и т.п.) — nonproduction control, monitoring of the nonproduction

контроль запасов (химического оружия и т.п.) — inspection of stocks

контроль за процентной ставкой — control of interest rates

контроль за соблюдением (договора, соглашения и т.п.) — control of / over the observance (of), verification / monitoring of compliance (with)

контроль за соблюдением гарантий (в рамках МАГАТЭ) — safeguards control

контроль за соблюдением запрещения — verification of a prohibition

контроль за соблюдением запрещения испытаний ядерного оружия — test-ban control / verification

контроль за соблюдением мер по разоружению — verification of disarmament measures

контроль за соблюдением перемирия — control over observance of armistice

контроль за соблюдением положений договора — verification of compliance with the provisions of a treaty

контроль за соблюдением соглашения — verification of an agreement

контроль за сокращением вооружений — verification of arms reduction

контроль за состоянием окружающей среды — environmental control / monitoring of the state of the environment

контроль за спутниками — satellite monitoring

контроль за уничтожением (запасов определённого вида оружия) — destruction control, verification of stockpiles destruction

контроль за ядерным экспортом — control over nuclear exports

контроль над атомной энергией — control of atomic energy

контроль над банковской деятельностью — bank supervision

контроль над воздушным пространством — airspace control

контроль над вооружениями — arms control, control of arms

контроль над вооружениями на морском дне — seabed arms control

контроль над ядерными вооружениями — control of nuclear weapons, nuclear-arms control

пакет предложений по контролю над вооружениями — package of arms control proposals

политика контроля над вооружениями — arms control policy

контроль над заработной платой — control over wages

контроль над космическим пространством — control of outer space

контроль над морскими путями — control of sea lanes

контроль над мыслями — thought control

контроль над органами массовой информации — control over mass / news media

контроль над природными ресурсами — control over natural resources

контроль над проведением (подземных) взрывов — monitoring of (underground) explosions

контроль над торговлей стратегическими товарами — strategic control

контроль над химическим оружием — chemical-weapons control / verification

контроль над ценами — price control

снять контроль над ценами — to decontrol prices

контроль на месте — on-site inspection

контроль по приглашению — verification by invitation

контроль по требованию — verification by challenge

контроль путём наблюдения — verification by observation

контроль с использованием национальных технических средств — verification by national technical means

контроль сроков исполнения — follow-up action

меры по контролю — verification measures, measures of verification

приемлемые меры по контролю (выполнения соглашения) — suitable measures of verification

методы контроля — verification methods / technique

методы контроля, которые не выходят за предусмотренные / согласованные рамки, методы контроля, которые не носят характера вмешательства — nonintrusive (methods of) verification

отсутствие контроля — absence of control

персонал, проводящий контроль — verification personnel

положения о контроле в договоре — control provisions of the treaty

проблема контроля (выполнения соглашения) — problem of verification

(соответствующая) процедура контроля — (appropriate) verification procedure

режим контроля — verification regime

система контроля (выполнения соглашения) — verification system

международная система контроля и проверки — international system of control and inspection

средства контроля — means of verification

национальные (технические) средства контроля — national (technical) means of verification

чинить помехи национальным (техническим) средствам контроля — to interfere with national (technical) means of verification

уклонение от контроля — evasion of control

условия и объём контроля (выполнения соглашения) — modalities and extent of verification

эффективность контроля — verification efficiency

Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > контроль контрол·ь
11 Überlegung

f

1. nur Sg.; (das Überlegen) consideration, reflection; (Erwägung) consideration; bei näherer Überlegung on closer reflection; bei nüchterner Überlegung looking at it in a more sober light; ohne Überlegung (gedankenlos) without thinking; ( auch ohne lange Überlegung) without thinking twice; nach reiflicher Überlegung after due consideration

2. (Gesichtspunkt) point (of view); aus dieser Überlegung heraus for this reason; Überlegungen anstellen consider; sie werden technische Überlegungen anstellen they will make technical considerations; etw. in seine Überlegungen einbeziehen take s.th. into consideration; mehrere Überlegungen sprechen dafür / dagegen on consideration, several factors speak in favo(u)r of / against it

* * *

die Überlegung

thought; reflection; advisement; deliberation; consideration

* * *
Über|le|gung [yːbɐ'leːgʊŋ]
f -, -en

1) (= Nachdenken) consideration, thought, reflection

bei näherer Überlégung — on closer examination

bei nüchterner Überlégung — on reflection

das wäre wohl einer Überlégung wert — that would be worth thinking about or over, that would be worth considering, that would be worthy of consideration

ohne Überlégung — without thinking

See:

→ anstellen

2) (= Bemerkung) observation

Überlégungen anstellen — to make observations (zu about or on)

Überlégungen vortragen — to give one's views (zu on or about)

* * *

die

1) (a fact to be taken into account in making a decision etc: The cost of the journey is our main consideration.) consideration

2) (the act of thinking; consideration: After a great deal of thought we decided to emigrate to America.) thought

* * *

Über·le·gung

<-, -en>

f

1. kein pl (das Überlegen) consideration no pl, no indef art, thought no pl, no indef art

eine \Überlegung wert sein to be worth considering [or consideration] [or thinking about] [or some thought]

bei/nach eingehender/nüchterner/sorgfältiger \Überlegung on/after close examination/ reflection/careful deliberation

2. pl (Erwägungen) considerations; (Bemerkungen) observations

\Überlegungen [zu etw dat] anstellen to think [about sth], to consider [sth], to draw observations [from sth]

* * *

die; Überlegung, Überlegungen

1) o. Pl. thought; reflection

nach reiflicher Überlegung — on careful consideration

2) (Gedanke) idea

Überlegungen — (Gedankengang) thoughts; reflections

* * *

Überlegung f

1. nur sg; (das Überlegen) consideration, reflection; (Erwägung) consideration;

bei näherer Überlegung on closer reflection;

bei nüchterner Überlegung looking at it in a more sober light;

ohne Überlegung (gedankenlos) without thinking; ( auch

ohne lange Überlegung) without thinking twice;

nach reiflicher Überlegung after due consideration

2. (Gesichtspunkt) point (of view);

aus dieser Überlegung heraus for this reason;

Überlegungen anstellen consider;

sie werden technische Überlegungen anstellen they will make technical considerations;

etwas in seine Überlegungen einbeziehen take sth into consideration;

mehrere Überlegungen sprechen dafür/dagegen on consideration, several factors speak in favo(u)r of/against it

* * *

die; Überlegung, Überlegungen

1) o. Pl. thought; reflection

nach reiflicher Überlegung — on careful consideration

2) (Gedanke) idea

Überlegungen — (Gedankengang) thoughts; reflections

* * *

f.

consideration n.

deliberation n.

Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Überlegung
12 considération

considération [kɔ̃sideʀasjɔ̃]

feminine noun

   a. consideration

• ceci mérite considération this is worth considering

• n'entrons pas dans ces considérations let's not go into this

• considérations d'ordre personnel personal reasons

► en considération

• prendre qch en considération to take sth into consideration

• en considération des services rendus for services rendered

   b. ( = observation) considérations reflections

   c. ( = respect) respect

* * *
kɔ̃sideʀasjɔ̃
nom féminin

1) ( facteur) consideration

en considération de — in view of

sans considération de — irrespective of

2) ( respect) consideration

jouir d'une considération unanime — to be respected by all

3) ( remarque) reflection

* * *
kɔ̃sideʀasjɔ̃
1. nf

1) (= examen) consideration

ceci mérite considération — this is worth considering

prendre en considération — to take into consideration, to take into account

en considération de — given, because of

2) (= estime) esteem, respect

2. considérations nfpl

(= remarques) reflections

* * *

considération nf

1 ( facteur) consideration; des considérations budgétaires/politiques/techniques budgetary/political/technical considerations; prendre qch en considération to take sth into consideration; mériter considération to merit consideration; avant toute autre considération before any other consideration; en considération de in view of; sans considération de irrespective of;

2 ( respect) consideration, respect (à l'égard de, pour for); par considération de or pour out of respect for; jouir d'une considération unanime to be respected by all;

3 ( remarque) reflection (sur on); considérations sur l'histoire reflections on history; considérations inutiles idle reflections.

[kɔ̃siderasjɔ̃] nom féminin

1. [examen] consideration, scrutiny

la question mérite considération the question is worth considering

2. [préoccupation] consideration, factor

les considérations de temps the time factor

se perdre en considérations techniques to get lost in technical considerations

si l'on s'arrête à ce genre de considérations if we pay too much attention to this kind of detail

3. [respect] regard, esteem

par considération pour out of respect ou regard for

jouir d'une grande considération to be highly considered ou regarded, to be held in great esteem

manque de considération disregard

veuillez agréer l'assurance de ma considération distinguée yours faithfully (UK), yours sincerely (US)

————————

en considération locution adverbiale

faire entrer quelque chose en considération to bring something into play ou consideration

prendre quelque chose en considération to take something into account ou consideration

toutes les candidatures seront prises en considération all applications will be given careful consideration

————————

en considération de locution prépositionnelle

en considération de votre état de santé because of ou given ou considering your health

en considération de vos services in (full) recognition of your services

————————

sans considération de locution prépositionnelle

sans considération de personne without taking individual cases into consideration ou account

sans considération du coût regardless ou heedless of ou without considering (the) cost

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > considération
13 Совместная техническая конференция ВМО-МОК по наблюдению за океаном из космоса

Astronautics: Joint WMO-IOC Technical Conference on Space-Based Ocean Observation (1993)

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Совместная техническая конференция ВМО-МОК по наблюдению за океаном из космоса
14 Техническая конференция по приборам и методам наблюдений

Ecology: Technical Conference on Instruments and Methods of Observation (Всемирная метеорологическая организация)

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Техническая конференция по приборам и методам наблюдений
15 авторский надзор

1) General subject: Authorial Supervision, designer supervision, follow on, prototype supervision, field design engineering (АД), on-site designer supervision (АД)

2) Construction: field supervision, architectural supervision

3) Law: designer's service

4) Economy: author's supervision, follow-on, designer's field supervision

5) Metallurgy: supervision

6) Oil: designer's technical supervision, observation on the work, field engineering

7) Sakhalin energy glossary: Design (Author) Supervision

8) Chemical weapons: author supervision (в строительстве более правильно - field supervision)

9) oil&gas: Engineering monitoring of field development (за реализацией проекта разработки месторождения), Field development audit (за реализацией проекта разработки месторождения)

10) Building materials: Site Monitoring

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > авторский надзор
16 Chevenard, Pierre Antoine Jean Sylvestre

SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy

[br]

b. 31 December 1888 Thizy, Rhône, France

d. 15 August 1960 Fontenoy-aux-Roses, France

[br]

French metallurgist, inventor of the alloys Elinvar and Platinite and of the method of strengthening nickel-chromium alloys by a precipitate ofNi3Al which provided the basis of all later super-alloy development.

[br]

Soon after graduating from the Ecole des Mines at St-Etienne in 1910, Chevenard joined the Société de Commentry Fourchambault et Decazeville at their steelworks at Imphy, where he remained for the whole of his career. Imphy had for some years specialized in the production of nickel steels. From this venture emerged the first austenitic nickel-chromium steel, containing 6 per cent chromium and 22–4 per cent nickel and produced commercially in 1895. Most of the alloys required by Guillaume in his search for the low-expansion alloy Invar were made at Imphy. At the Imphy Research Laboratory, established in 1911, Chevenard conducted research into the development of specialized nickel-based alloys. His first success followed from an observation that some of the ferro-nickels were free from the low-temperature brittleness exhibited by conventional steels. To satisfy the technical requirements of Georges Claude, the French cryogenic pioneer, Chevenard was then able in 1912 to develop an alloy containing 55–60 per cent nickel, 1–3 per cent manganese and 0.2–0.4 per cent carbon. This was ductile down to −190°C, at which temperature carbon steel was very brittle.

By 1916 Elinvar, a nickel-iron-chromium alloy with an elastic modulus that did not vary appreciably with changes in ambient temperature, had been identified. This found extensive use in horology and instrument manufacture, and even for the production of high-quality tuning forks. Another very popular alloy was Platinite, which had the same coefficient of thermal expansion as platinum and soda glass. It was used in considerable quantities by incandescent-lamp manufacturers for lead-in wires. Other materials developed by Chevenard at this stage to satisfy the requirements of the electrical industry included resistance alloys, base-metal thermocouple combinations, magnetically soft high-permeability alloys, and nickel-aluminium permanent magnet steels of very high coercivity which greatly improved the power and reliability of car magnetos. Thermostatic bimetals of all varieties soon became an important branch of manufacture at Imphy.

During the remainder of his career at Imphy, Chevenard brilliantly elaborated the work on nickel-chromium-tungsten alloys to make stronger pressure vessels for the Haber and other chemical processes. Another famous alloy that he developed, ATV, contained 35 per cent nickel and 11 per cent chromium and was free from the problem of stress-induced cracking in steam that had hitherto inhibited the development of high-power steam turbines. Between 1912 and 1917, Chevenard recognized the harmful effects of traces of carbon on this type of alloy, and in the immediate postwar years he found efficient methods of scavenging the residual carbon by controlled additions of reactive metals. This led to the development of a range of stabilized austenitic stainless steels which were free from the problems of intercrystalline corrosion and weld decay that then caused so much difficulty to the manufacturers of chemical plant.

Chevenard soon concluded that only the nickel-chromium system could provide a satisfactory basis for the subsequent development of high-temperature alloys. The first published reference to the strengthening of such materials by additions of aluminium and/or titanium occurs in his UK patent of 1929. This strengthening approach was adopted in the later wartime development in Britain of the Nimonic series of alloys, all of which depended for their high-temperature strength upon the precipitated compound Ni3Al.

In 1936 he was studying the effect of what is now known as "thermal fatigue", which contributes to the eventual failure of both gas and steam turbines. He then published details of equipment for assessing the susceptibility of nickel-chromium alloys to this type of breakdown by a process of repeated quenching. Around this time he began to make systematic use of the thermo-gravimetrie balance for high-temperature oxidation studies.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

President, Société de Physique. Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur.

Bibliography

1929, Analyse dilatométrique des matériaux, with a preface be C.E.Guillaume, Paris: Dunod (still regarded as the definitive work on this subject).

The Dictionary of Scientific Biography lists around thirty of his more important publications between 1914 and 1943.

Further Reading

"Chevenard, a great French metallurgist", 1960, Acier Fins (Spec.) 36:92–100.

L.Valluz, 1961, "Notice sur les travaux de Pierre Chevenard, 1888–1960", Paris: Institut de France, Académie des Sciences.

ASD

Biographical history of technology > Chevenard, Pierre Antoine Jean Sylvestre
17 Héroult, Paul Louis Toussaint

SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy

[br]

b. 1863 Thury-Harcourt, Caen, France

d. 9 May 1914 Antibes, France

[br]

French metallurigst, inventor of the process of aluminium reduction by electrolysis.

[br]

Paul Héroult, the son of a tanner, at the age of 16, while still at school in Caen, read Deville's book on aluminium and became obsessed with the idea of developing a cheap way of producing this metal. After his family moved to Gentillysur-Bièvre he studied at the Ecole Sainte-Barbe in Paris and then returned to Caen to work in the laboratory of his father's tannery. His first patent, filed in February and granted on 23 April 1886, described an invention almost identical to that of C.M. Hall: "the electrolysis of alumina dissolved in molten cryolite into which the current is introduced through suitable electrodes. The cryolite is not consumed." Early in 1887 Héroult attempted to obtain the support of Alfred Rangod Pechiney, the proprietor of the works at Salindres where Deville's process for making sodium-reduced aluminium was still being operated. Pechiney persuaded Héroult to modify his electrolytic process by using a cathode of molten copper, thus making it possible produce aluminium bronze rather than pure aluminium. Héroult then approached the Swiss firm J.G.Nehe Söhne, ironmasters, whose works at the Falls of Schaffhausen obtained power from the Rhine. They were looking for a new metallurgical process requiring large quantities of cheap hydroelectric power and Héroult's process seemed suitable. In 1887 they established the Société Metallurgique Suisse to test Héroult's process. Héroult became Technical Director and went to the USA to defend his patents against those of Hall. During his absence the Schaffhausen trials were successfully completed, and on 18 November 1888 the Société Metallurgique combined with the German AEG group, Oerlikon and Escher Wyss, to establish the Aluminium Industrie Aktiengesellschaft Neuhausen. In the early electrolytic baths it was occasionally found that arcs between the bath surface and electrode could develop if the electrodes were inadvertently raised. From this observation, Héroult and M.Killiani developed the electric arc furnace. In this, arcs were intentionally formed between the surface of the charge and several electrodes, each connected to a different pole of the AC supply. This furnace, the prototype of the modern electric steel furnace, was first used for the direct reduction of iron ore at La Praz in 1903. This work was undertaken for the Canadian Government, for whom Héroult subsequently designed a 5,000-amp single-phase furnace which was installed and tested at Sault-Sainte-Marie in Ontario and successfully used for smelting magnetite ore.

[br]

Further Reading

Aluminium Industrie Aktiengesellschaft Neuhausen, 1938, The History of the Aluminium-Industrie-Aktien-Gesellschaft Neuhausen 1888–1938, 2 vols, Neuhausen.

C.J.Gignoux, Histoire d'une entreprise française. "The Hall-Héroult affair", 1961, Metal Bulletin (14 April):1–4.

ASD

Biographical history of technology > Héroult, Paul Louis Toussaint
18 Pliny the Elder (Gaius Plinius Secundus)

SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy

[br]

b. c. 23 AD Como, Italy

d. 25 August 79 AD near Pompeii, Italy

[br]

Roman encyclopedic writer on the natural world.

[br]

Pliny was well educated in Rome, and for ten years or so followed a military career with which he was able to combine literary work, writing especially on historical subjects. He completed his duties c. 57 AD and concentrated on writing until he resumed his official career in 69 AD with administrative duties. During this last phase he began work on his only extant work, the thirty-seven "books" of his Historia Naturalis (Natural History), each dealing with a broad subject such as astronomy, geography, mineralogy, etc. His last post was the command of the fleet based at Misenum, which came to an end when he sailed too near Vesuvius during the eruption that engulfed Pompeii and he was overcome by the fumes.

Pliny developed an insatiable curiosity about the natural world. Unlike the Greeks, the Romans made few original contributions to scientific thought and observation, but some made careful compilations of the learning and observations of Greek scholars. The most notable and influential of these was the Historia Naturalis. To the ideas about the natural world gleaned from earlier Greek authors, he added information about natural history, mineral resources, crafts and some technological processes, such as the extraction of metals from their ores, reported to him from the corners of the Empire. He added a few observations of his own, noted during travels on his official duties. Not all the reports were reliable, and the work often presents a tangled web of fact and fable. Gibbon described it as an immense register in which the author has "deposited the discoveries, the arts, and the errors of mankind". Pliny was indefatigable in his relentless note-taking, even dictating to his secretary while dining.

During the Dark Ages and early Middle Ages in Western Europe, Pliny's Historia Naturalis was the largest known collection of facts about the natural world and was drawn upon freely by a succession of later writers. Its influence survived the influx into Western Europe, from the twelfth century, of translations of the works of Greek and Arab scholars. After the invention of printing in the middle of the fifteenth century, Pliny was the first work on a scientific subject to be printed, in 1469. Many editions followed and it may still be consulted with profit for its insights into technical knowledge and practice in the ancient world.

[br]

Bibliography

The standard Latin text with English translation is that edited by H.Rackham et al.(1942– 63, Loeb Classical Library, London: Heinemann, 10 vols). The French version is by A.

Ernout et al. (1947–, Belles Lettres, Paris).

Further Reading

The editions mentioned above include useful biographical and other details. For special aspects of Pliny, see K.C.Bailey, 1929–32, The Elder Pliny's Chapters on Chemical Subjects, London, 2 vols.

LRD

Biographical history of technology > Pliny the Elder (Gaius Plinius Secundus)
19 Saulnier, Raymond

SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace

[br]

b. late eighteenth century France

d. mid-twentieth century

[br]

French designer of aircraft, associated with Louis Blériot and later the Morane- Saulnier company.

[br]

When Louis Blériot made his historic flight across the English Channel in 1909, the credit for the success of the flight naturally went to the pilot. Few people thought about the designer of the successful aeroplane, and those who did assumed it was Blériot himself. Blériot did design several of the aeroplanes bearing his name, but the cross- Channel No. XI was mainly designed by his friend Raymond Saulnier, a fact not; broadcast at the time.

In 1911 the Morane-Saulnier company was founded in Paris by Léon (1885–1918) and Robert (1886–1968) Morane and Raymond Saulnier, who became Chief Designer. Flying a Morane-Saulnier, Roland Garros made a recordbreaking flight to a height of 5,611 m (18,405 ft) in 1912, and the following year he made the first non-stop flight across the Mediterranean. Morane-Saulnier built a series of "parasol" monoplanes which were very widely used during the early years of the First World War. With the wing placed above the fuselage, the pilot had an excellent downward view for observation purposes, but the propeller ruled out a forward-firing machine gun. During 1913–4, Raymond Saulnier was working on an idea for a synchronized machine gun to fire between the blades of the propeller. He could not overcome certain technical problems, so he devised a simple alternative: metal deflector plates were fitted to the propeller, so if a bullet hit the blade it did no harm. Roland Garros, flying a Type L Parasol, tested the device in action during April 1915 and was immediately successful. This opened the era of the true fighter aircraft. Unfortunately, Garros was shot down and the Germans discovered his secret weapon: they improved on the idea with a fully synchronized machine gun fitted to the Fokker E 1 monoplane. The Morane-Saulnier company continued in business until 1963, when it was taken over by the Potez Group.

[br]

Further Reading

Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War I, 1990, London: Jane's (reprint) (provides plans and details of 1914–18 Morane-Saulnier aeroplanes).

JDS

Biographical history of technology > Saulnier, Raymond
20 полет с оценкой боевых качеств

military evaluation flight

летные качества — flight performance

испытание для оценки качества — evaluation test

полет в качестве наблюдателя — observation flight

оценка технических качеств — technical quality evaluation

оценка качества или пригодности бетона — concrete evaluation

Авиация и космонавтика. Русско-английский словарь > полет с оценкой боевых качеств

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

Перевод: со всех языков на английский

technical observation

Тематики

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

Перевод: со всех языков на английский

technical observation

Тематики

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См. также в других словарях:

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